Short answer: The most‑likely author of Galatians 4:4–5 is the Apostle Paul. Evangelical Christians overwhelmingly affirm Pauline authorship on the basis of the letter’s own claims, early church testimony, style and theology, and the letter’s autobiographical material.
Key points an evangelical would highlight
– The claim of authorship: The letter begins, “Paul, an apostle—sent not from men nor by a man, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father” (Galatians 1:1). Paul repeatedly uses first‑person autobiographical argumentation in Galatians (e.g., Gal. 1–2), which ties the letter closely to his life and ministry.
– Early church attestation: Church fathers (e.g., Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen) attribute Galatians to Paul and treat it as canonical Pauline writing very early in church history.
– Internal evidence: The tone, vocabulary, theological emphases (justification by faith, law vs. promise, adoption as sons) and personal incidents (e.g., Paul’s confrontation with Peter in Galatians 2) match other undisputed Pauline letters.
– Manuscript support: Galatians appears among early collections of Paul’s letters in the manuscript tradition (e.g., early papyri and codices that preserve Paul’s epistles), supporting its early circulation as Pauline.
Paul’s background relevant to Galatians 4:4–5 (brief)
– Former Pharisee and zealous persecutor of the church (Phil. 3:5; Gal. 1:13–14).
– Experienced a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus and was called directly by Christ (Gal. 1:11–12; Acts 9).
– Trained in Jewish law and tradition, yet became the primary missionary to Gentiles and the chief proponent of justification by faith.
– His identity as an apostle and his calling to preach the Gospel to Gentiles is central to his defense in Galatians.
Dating and context (evangelical consensus)
– Date: commonly placed in the 40s–50s AD (many evangelicals favor the late 40s to mid‑50s). Exact dating varies with hypotheses about which Galatia (north or south) and relation to the Jerusalem Council, but most place it early in Paul’s career.
– Occasion: Paul wrote to churches in Galatia to oppose Judaizing teachers who insisted Gentile converts must adopt Jewish law/circumcision. Galatians defends the gospel of free justification by faith and the believer’s adoption into God’s family—themes encapsulated in Galatians 4:4–5.
Why Galatians 4:4–5 fits Paul
– The verse focuses on the incarnation (“God sent forth his Son”), Christ’s subjection to the law (“born under the law”), redemption and adoption—central themes in Paul’s theology.
– Paul uses this proclamation of Christ’s work to argue that believers receive the status and blessings of God’s children by grace, not by law—a primary thrust of the letter.
Text (ESV) for reference
– Galatians 4:4–5: “But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to redeem those under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons.”
A note on critical views
– A small minority of critical scholars have proposed later or pseudonymous authorship for some Pauline letters, but among evangelical scholars and the historic church consensus, Galatians is received as an authentic letter of Paul.
If you’d like, I can:
– Summarize Paul’s argument in Galatians chapter by chapter,
– Show how Galatians 4:4–5 ties to key Pauline doctrines (justification, redemption, adoption),
– Provide historical/dating arguments for the common evangelical datings.