Most likely author: the Apostle Paul.
Brief background on Paul (why evangelicals assign authorship)
– Paul (formerly Saul of Tarsus) was a Jewish Pharisee, trained under Gamaliel, a Roman citizen and missionary apostle to the Gentiles. He persecuted the church until his conversion on the Damascus road (Acts 9).
– Paul wrote many New Testament letters (Romans, 1–2 Corinthians, Galatians, etc.). 2 Corinthians is traditionally and overwhelmingly accepted in evangelical scholarship as an authentic Pauline letter written by him.
– Date and place: commonly dated to the mid-50s AD (about AD 55–57). Paul likely wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (e.g., Philippi or nearby), while preparing to visit Corinth.
Context of 2 Corinthians and 2:21
– 2 Corinthians addresses issues in the Corinthian church (defense of Paul’s apostleship, reconciliation, pastoral care, the collection for Jerusalem). Chapter 5 focuses on life in the new creation, reconciliation, and the ministry of reconciliation entrusted to believers.
– 2 Corinthians 5:21 (ESV): “For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.” In context Paul is explaining how God reconciled sinners to himself through Christ and how believers are now ambassadors of that reconciliation.
Evangelical interpretation of 2:21 (key theological points)
– Substitutionary atonement: Christ, who was sinless, bore the penalty and consequences of sin “for our sake.” Evangelicals often emphasize that Jesus stood in our place and suffered what we deserved.
– Imputation of sin and righteousness: Paul uses a forensic (legal) exchange language—our sin is imputed to Christ, and his righteousness is imputed to believers. That is central to evangelical teaching on justification by faith.
– Justification and reconciliation: The verse is read as a clear statement that God’s remedy for sin is both penal (Christ suffering the penalty) and declarative (God declares sinners righteous in Christ).
– Union with Christ: The “in him” language highlights believers’ union with Christ—our new standing and identity are in him, not based on our works.
– Christ’s sinlessness affirmed: “He who knew no sin” underlines the uniqueness of Christ’s person and work.
Pastoral and practical implications (how evangelicals apply it)
– Assurance: Believers can have confidence of forgiveness and right standing before God because righteousness is received by faith, not earned.
– Gratitude and obedience: The gospel’s cost inspires moral transformation and commitment to Christ’s mission (2 Cor. 5:14–20).
– Motivation for evangelism: Because God has reconciled us, we are sent as his ambassadors to proclaim reconciliation.
Cross-references that echo the same themes
– Romans 3:21–26; Romans 4; Galatians 2:20; Philippians 3:9; Isaiah 53 (suffering servant imagery).
Further reading (evangelical commentators/resources)
– Gordon D. Fee, The First and Second Letters to the Corinthians (NEB/ NICNT)
– Leon Morris, 2 Corinthians (Tyndale/IVP)
– D. A. Carson, commentary material on Corinthians
– John Stott, teaching on justification and atonement
Summary sentence
Evangelicals see 2 Corinthians 5:21 as Paul’s concise summary of the gospel’s heart: the sinless Christ took our sin, and God counts us righteous in him—grounding both our forgiveness and our mission.